Auroral oval reconstruction for historical geomagnetic storms in the 18th and 19th century

The investigation of extreme space weather events can yield important information about the solar activity. Here, we present reconstruction auroral oval position and size based on Bayesian inference for nine historical geomagnetic storms between 1716 1882, including Carrington event in 1859, by using ground-based observations, which enables us to derive Kp index first time. results latter show a very high level disturbance (8.2 ≤ $$ \le 8.7, −929 nT ≥ \ge Dst −1327 nT). Furthermore, were able pole corrected coordinates, where especially longitude is good agreement with derived from gufm1 model (Jackson et al., 2000). For eight other storms, indices have been calculated here In all cases, was derived. only exception storm March 1716, is, = 7.2 ± 0.4 \mathrm{Kp}=7.2\pm , comparable St. Patrick's Day 2015.